OSMANLI YÖNETİMİNİN ORYANTALİST İNŞASI

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Year-Number: 2014-7
Language : null
Konu : Tarih

Abstract

Oryantalizmi ilk olarak Edward Said formule etmiş ve tartışmıştır. Kendisi bunu yaparken daha çok İslam veAraplara karşı yaklaşımlara yoğunlaşmış, bunun için de ‘Batı’da’ yazılmış edebi metinleri incelemiştir.Oryantalizmi tanımlaması açısından alana yaptığı katkı paha biçilmezdir. Bu makale ise on altıncı yüzyıldanmodern zamanlara kadar ki dönemde Batı’nın Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nu, özellikle Osmanlı yönetim biçimini, nasılalgıladığına konsantre olacaktır. Amacı Avrupa metinlerinde Osmanlı yönetimini tanımlarken karşılaşılanOryantalist eğilimleri göstermektir.Makale ilk olarak on altı ve on yedinci yüzyıl seyyahlarının metinleri arasından seçilmiş bazı eserlerideğerlendirecektir. Bu inceleme sonucu göstermektedir ki Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’na karşı teorik tabandan yoksungenel bir yaklaşımın bu dönemde var olduğudur. Seyyahlar imparatorluğu tiranlık olarak değerlendirmiş fakattiranlığın tanımını son derece muğlak bırakmışlardır. İkinci bölüm, Aydınlanmacı düşünür Montesquieu’nun‘Doğulu despot’ modelini inceler. Montesquieu en kötü yönetim biçiminin ‘Doğulu despotism’ olduğunu ve bununen iyi örneğinin Osmanlı İmparatorluğu olduğunu iddia etmiştir.Son kısımda Max Weber’in ‘Sultancılık’ fikri incelenmektedir. Makale Osmanlı İmparatorluğuhakkındaki Oryantalist yargıların Weber’in onları içselleştirmesiyle nasıl modern sosyal teoriye taşındığınıgöstermektedir. Weber yeniçeri ordularının köleliğini temel alarak Osmanlı’daki yönetimin de toplumundaözgürlüklerden uzak olduğunu savunmaktadır.

Keywords

Abstract

Edward Said formulated and discussed Orientalism for the first time and he concentrated more on the attitutesmostly towards Islam and the Arabs. He mainly examined the literary texts that were produced by the “Westernmind.” By defining Orientalism as a discourse, he made an invaluable contribution to the field. This article,however, concentrates on the European perception of the Ottoman Empire starting from the sixteenth century untilthe modern times in terms of the interpretations about the Ottoman governance. It aims to show the Orientalisttendencies in European texts in describing the Ottoman government.It begins with the examination of selected texts written about the Ottomans by the sixteenth andseventeenth century travellers. The article determines that the general approach towards the Ottoman Empire lackeda theoretical base although the travellers did define the empire as a tyranny. The definition of tyranny, however,was quite ambigious. In the second part, the article concentrates on the Enlightenment thinker Montesquieu and hismodel of “Oriental Despotism.” Montesquieu argued that this was the worst governance method and the OttomanEmpire was the perfect example of it. In the final part, “Sultanism” of Max Weber was outlined. The article trys toshow how Orientalist assumptions about the Ottoman Empire carried to modern sociological theory throughWeber’s internalization of them. Weber argued that the enslaved janissary army caused both the Ottomangovernment and society to lack all kinds of freedom.

Keywords


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